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9.2 Weather Hazards

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  The weather hazard most detrimental to safe flying is icing. For years, airframe icing has been recognized as a significant aviation hazard. Icing encounters can lead to increased aerodynamic drag and weight, along with a reduction in lift and thrust. Together, these factors result in a higher stall speed and degradation in overall aircraft performance. To maintain altitude and counter the effects of drag during flight in icing conditions, the angle of attack is generally increased, and power is applied to the engine(s). This can further expose unprotected regions of the aircraft to ice accretions. If exposure is prolonged, the aircraft will lose the ability to continue stable flight Freezing temps and visible moisture are the two ingredients you need to get structural icing. The severity of aircraft icing depends on the rate of accumulation, effectiveness of available de-icing equipment and actions a pilot must take to avoid or combat accumulation of ice. The pilot determines ...
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8.2 Air Traffic Control Entities

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  Air Control and Ground Control are the two main types of air traffic control entities. If we look at these two entities, air control is mainly responsible for the management of active runway surfaces and thus has to ensure the taking off and landing of the aircraft safely and while doing so, air controller also monitors whether the runway is safe for the landing or not and in case the controller finds that the runway is not safe then the controller will ask the aircraft to rearrange the landing. There will be direct control between the air controller and ground control and if there happens anything that can affect the taxiway, then it will be conveyed by the air controller to the ground controller. Similarly, the ground controller is also responsible for the management of the runways and to maximize the efficiency of the runways. Irrespective of the responsibilities of both air controller and ground controller, these both entities are vital in order to ensure the safety and e...
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7.2 The Airport and the Environment

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  I believe that the environmental impact which should be of the most concern with the airport managers would be the traffic mismanagement and how the people doesn't follow the effective traffic rules out of the airport causing a lot of pollution as so many taxis, cabs and other private/public vehicles lie down there to pick up or drop a single individual. This is one of the major issues as it solely is one of the reasons because of which the noise pollution, air pollution and traffic is increased causing problem to not only the people but also the environment around getting to many toxic gas pollutants in the air. This is one of the concerns of the airport manager because airport is well located at that area and if the traffic outside is not managed properly, the same airport would cause violations to the environmental rules and regulations of the country to cause the least possible pollution and harm to the environment (Aviation, 2021). One of the strategies that could be use...
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6.2 Legislative Acts

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  In the 1960s and 70s, hijackings and crimes on aircrafts were rather rampant. It was becoming a major concern with some sources citing as much as 100 hijacking cases during that time, with 77 of them being successful. Before 1961 hijacking was a rather foreign concept to the US and soon it became a term popular among the households, prompting the government decided to intervene. In order to counter this threat and as a result of that  Section 902 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958  was amended in 1961 with a few new subsections added. These included the following- "Aircraft piracy", Interference with flight crew members or flight attendants", " Certain crimes"," carrying weapons aboard aircraft", "false information" to name some of the main subsections that were added.      The highlights of the amendment included the introduction of severe punishments for piracy as well as violence against the staff members. The punishment for piracy(s...
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5.3 Team-Based Human Factors Challenges

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  An accident analysis was performed to determine the cause of the error after an incident occurred. In the modern aviation industry, it is also used to analyze databases of past accidents to prevent accidents. Many models are used not only for accident investigations but also for educational purposes. Under the International Civil Aviation Convention, if a contracted state aircraft is at risk of accidents or any other incident in another contracting state, the hazardous state will initiate an investigation. This convention defines the rights and responsibilities of the state. The reasoning model, commonly referred to as the Swiss cheese model, is based on the methodology of why organizations must work together to ensure safe and effective operations. From the pilots' point of view, in order to maintain a safe flight operation, all human and mechanical elements must work effectively in the system. In the causal model, the hollow represents weakness or failure. These holes...
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4.3 Aviation Secuity

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 Federal Flight Deck Officer FFDO Program  After the most tragic event that took place on 9/11. The Congress have established the Transportation Security Administration in order to control and supervise all airport operations safety and security. The TSA had introduced several forms and layers for all the United States Security. One of these layers are the Federal Flight Deck Officer program also known as the "FFDO".  The inception of the Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO) Program after 9/11, as envisioned by the members of Congress, has been described as (and still remains) the “First line of deterrence and the last line of Defense” against 9/11-style terrorist attacks; for the benefit of the American people. The Federal Flight Deck Officer Program authorizes flight crew members to use firearms to defend against an act of criminal violence and air piracy while attempting to gain control of an aircraft. The Federal Flight Deck Officer program is run generally ran u...
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3.2 Aircraft Systems and Flight

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aircraft electrical system has three primary components: a battery, a generator or alternator, and an electrical bus to distribute electrical power. The spark plugs in certified piston aircraft engines are powered by engine-driven magnetos, so no additional electrical power is required for the engine to run. Indeed, some basic aircraft like the Piper J–3  Cub  or The Maule don’t even have an electrical system.  For most General Aviation airplane to operate under Visual Flight Rules under 14 CFR Part 91 most airplane may not need electrical system for Day operations however at night. The Federal Aviation Adminstration does require any US registered plane to be equiped with certain equipments that may require an electric system. For light GA airplane this electrical system may be very simple such as an Alternator or Generator that generate electricity and power the battery.  The battery provides power to start the engine, which then turns the alternator or generator, s...
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